Abstract: This handy guide is your quick reference to some of the key terms which are commonly used in describing BIM and its related processes, as well as your link to the key standards. If you or an organization you work with are using BIM, these terms will be familiar. This guide can be used by organizations across the supply chain. The global adoption of BIM continues to accelerate. Since the publication of the international standard ISO 19650, it is vital you understand the principles of information management.

Abstract: Modern human rights laws originate from agreements made by the international community in the immediate post Second World War years. The Universal Declaration on Human Rights 1948 is the first statement of these rights; it is a General Assembly Resolution and as such is not legally binding. These rights were brought into from as a regional instrument within the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950. These rights are legally binding by States that have ratified the Convention and in the present day can be enforced against governments of Member States of the Council of Europe by other states parties or by individuals within the jurisdiction of a Member State. The Human Rights Act 1998 illustrated a further commitment to human rights laws within the United Kingdom. It introduced the rights within the Convention into UK domestic law. This meant that complainants no longer need to take their case to the European Court on Human Rights to uphold their Convention rights, but could argue in a UK court that their human rights had been breached by government legislation. When a piece of legislation is challenged under human rights grounds the higher courts can either interpret the relevant law in accordance with the Convention right, or make a declaration of incompatibility if a provision was not capable of being interpreted in accordance with human rights guarantees. The Human Rights Act 1998 was introduced by the previous Labour government which was in power in the UK between 1997 and 2005. Since the Conservative party have taken power, both David Cameron and Teresa May have vowed to repeal the Human Rights Act 1998 and there has also been some discussion of withdrawing from the European Convention on Human Rights.

Abstract: This unit is designed to help you to study the Contract law of England and Wales. This guide is not a textbook and it must not be taken as a substitute for reading the texts, cases, statutory materials and journals referred to in it. The purpose of the guide is to take you through each topic in the syllabus for Contract law in a way which will help you to understand contract law. The guide is intended to ‘wrap around’ the recommended textbooks and casebook. It provides an outline of the major issues presented in this subject. Each chapter presents the most important substantive aspects of the topic and provides guidance as to essential and further reading. Each chapter also provides you with activities to test your understanding of the topic and self-assessment exercises designed to assist your progress. Feedback to many of these activities is available at the back of this guide. There are also sample examination questions, with appropriate feedback, which will assist you in your examination preparation and quick quizzes to measure your progress, with answers on the virtual learning environment (VLE). The method of study described is the result of the accumulated experience of highly experienced teachers and writers on this topic. Your knowledge of the subject will be maximised when you use this guide in the intended way. Any other approach (e.g. reading the feedback before or alongside the self-assessment) might give false confidence in your knowledge and ability to answer questions under examination conditions. In the study of contract law, it is essential to try to gain an understanding of the underlying basis of contract law — what the law is trying to do in response to particular issues. This is then supplemented and exemplified by a more detailed knowledge of its substantive principles. The rote memorisation of rules and cases alone will not equip you to analyse a legal problem or statement of the sort that form the basis of formative and summative examination in this subject. To do this you need to acquire an overview of the topic, understand its structure, parts and inter-relationships. When this is supplemented by a more detailed knowledge and skills of analysis you will be able to apply the law in written answers that gain maximum credit. To do this it is most likely that you will need to read passages or chapters in the guide (and the relevant suggested reading materials) several times in order to understand the principles of law being covered.

Abstract: Tort liability can be imposed in many instances that include negligent behaviour towards a person or land, negatively affecting a person’s reputation or limiting freedom of movement. This module will aim to explain and take you through how and why liability can be imposed on a defendant, giving you an in-depth understanding of the nature of tortious liability. There are many torts that will be discussed in this module. They include, for example, libel, slander, nuisance, negligence, trespass, assault and battery. Thus, it is not possible to provide one definition that encompasses all torts, considering how each tort has its own specific characteristics. It is, therefore, best to think of the law of tort as the law of behaviour that is legally ‘wrong’ or ’tortious’, giving rise to an entitlement to a remedy for the claimant.

Abstract: Criminal Law is one of the essential core subject areas required for a qualifying law degree. Crime is a common part of everyday life. Crime is around us in many forms and it is a feature of everyday news. Thus, most students will be familiar with what each offence is. However, it is important to understand that focus must be placed on legal principles derived form legislation and case law, as common conceptions of crime can be very different to its actual elements. Criminal liability can be imposed in many instances. There is no universal definition of crime in modern criminal law. This can change over time as a result of social and political influences. It is also important to differentiate between a criminal and a civil wrong. This module covers the most popular criminal law offences and will aim to explain and take you through how and why criminal liability can be imposed on a defendant, giving you an in-depth understanding of the nature of criminal liability. There are many offences that will be discussed in this module. They include, for example, murder, assault, fraud, sexual and property offenses and others. Thus, it is not possible to provide one definition that encompasses all these criminal offences, considering how each offence has its own specific elements.

Abstract: The United Kingdom (the UK) has three separate legal systems: one each for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. This reflects its historical origins. The answers below deal primarily with the legal system of England and Wales but make reference to other parts of the UK where relevant. The UK has an unwritten constitution in that there is no single written document that sets out the rights of individual citizens and how the Government should act. The UK constitution is comprised of a variety of sources, some of which are written (such as statutes) and others (such as constitutional conventions), which are unwritten. The constitution is unitary in that the Parliament in Westminster is the supreme law-making authority. Since 1999, devolution has provided for the transfer of powers from the Westminster Parliament to assemblies in Cardiff (Wales) and Belfast (Northern Ireland), and the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh. However, other law-making bodies, such as the devolved assemblies or local authorities, derive their law-making authority from powers that they have been granted by the Parliament in Westminster. Constitutional conventions are an important non-legal and unwritten source of the constitution. Constitutional conventions may be defined as: “…rules of constitutional behaviour which are considered to be binding upon those who operate the constitution but which are not enforced by the law courts…nor by the presiding officers in the House of Commons” (Marshall and Moodie, Some Problems of the Constitution). An example of a constitutional convention is that the monarch always gives Royal Assent to a bill, if advised to do so by the Prime Minister. As constitutional conventions are “non-legal” they do not require a procedure for their creation. If they become obsolete, they can be dispensed with without any formal step being taken.

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ASTRATTO: Gli appunti di seguito riportati traggono origine dalle lezioni tenute dall’autore, raccolte da un volume pubblicato negli anni 90, insieme agli altri due che completavano il corso di “TECNOLOGIE MECCANICHE DI PROCESSO E PRODOTTO per ITI MECCANICI” Purtroppo il volume era datato: veniva trattato estesamente il sistema operativo MS DOS, sviluppato il programma TURBO-PASCAL ecc. Tolte le parti che non interessano più, ed effettuati alcuni ritocchi, il “tipo” di cui sopra l’autore ha deciso di aggiungere gli appunti così modificati a quelli del suo sito. La parte di elettrotecnica generale non è datata e quindi può essere utilizzata.

This article was based originally on a series of lectures, and is intended for readers who, while interested in natural sciences, have no previous training in theoretical physics and yet are familiar to a certain extent with physical ideas. In conformity with the express wish of the Verband deutscher Elektrotechniker, a under whose auspices the lectures were given, a short history of atomic physics, as well as a general review of contemporary knowledge of atomic and nuclear structure, are included here as an introduction. Obviously, a thorough understanding of nuclear physics cannot be gained from a short survey of this nature, but it may at least succeed in providing a basis for an understanding of the lectures on nuclear physics which follow. In my treatment of nuclear physics, I have departed somewhat from the method followed by other popular books on the subject, inasmuch as I have at- tempted to begin my discourse with the theory of the processes and reactions with-in the atom, and to discuss practical applications in conclusion only. At the same time, it was essential to make the theory intelligible without resort to mathematics, with the aid of illustrative models and by citing as analogies certain more widely known related phenomena. Nuclear physics lends itself to such a treatment more than many other branches of physical science. However, this method obviously has its natural limitations, and for a more profound understanding of the entire complex of relationships, a mathematical presentation of the subject is, of course, essential. For a thorough study of nuclear physics in this sense, there are many excellent books available. In the present volume, the technical apparatus of nuclear physics is discussed in the seventh chapter only; the eighth, and last, chapter presents a survey of the practical applications achieved up to the present time. Since the publication, during the war, of the first edition of this book, reports have been published on the great progress in the field of nuclear physics, and especially on those technical developments relating to the atomic nucleus which had till then been restricted to the secret laboratories of the belligerent nations. These new developments are described, in general outline, in the last chapter of this book, where the practical applications of nuclear physics are discussed. Furthermore, those discoveries which were made or published after the war only, are dealt with in the text elsewhere. The present English edition, appearing some time after the German one, may be of interest in connection with the history and the principles of nuclear physics rather than with respect to its recent development. Since the writing of the book and even since its last revision in 1948 an enormous development of nuclear physics has taken place, in its principles as well as in technical applications. There- fore some of the content of the book may now be commonplace to many readers, some parts are definitely out of date, since new discoveries have changed the picture. In a new edition the shell structure of the nucleus should play a central rôle, since it has simplified our knowledge of the nucleus considerably through the work of Mayer-Göppert, Haxel, Jensen and Suess. In dealing with the nuclear forces one should mention all the new types of mesons that have been found in recent years and their modes of interaction. But it would probably be entirely impossible to give an account of the present state of nuclear physics in a short work. Therefore this book may still serve as an introduction to a field, the knowledge of which would require much more extended studies.